Studies of Physical Parameters of Indigenous Artifacts: Collecting and Preserving the Relating Oral Stories

This project, supported by the Department of Canadian Heritage, was conducted by scholars from the First Nations University of Canada, Royal Saskatchewan Museum, University of Regina, and University of Saskatchewan in collaboration with Sturgeon Lake and Pelican Narrows First Nations communities in Canada. The objectives of the project were (i) to develop a research ethics protocol for collecting, studying, and preserving Indigenous artifacts; (ii) to determine physical parameters of artifacts from communities and Royal Saskatchewan Museum collections; and (iii) to collect oral stories in communities. Within the project, we also managed consultations with Elders and Indigenous Knowledge Keepers, organized two workshops in the communities, and trained Indigenous students for working in the communities. The laboratory measurements were carried out at the Scanning Electron Microscope Laboratory of the University of Alberta, Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory of the University of Saskatchewan, and André E. Lalonde Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of the University of Ottawa. We analyzed the data obtained from the measurements of physical parameters of artifacts collected in these communities and selected from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum collections. The purpose of the statistical analysis was to determine the similarities of artifacts with respect to their chemical compositions.

Modern laboratory technologies allow for precise, non-destructive physical and chemical analyses of artifacts (Ambrose, 1990;Katzenberg & Harrison, 1997;Nehlich, 2015).While this may be recognized within the non-Indigenous research community, some Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers express ethical concerns.The purpose of this project was to study the Indigenous research ethics protocols recommended by First Nations community members for working with Indigenous artifacts to enhance processes for the engaged anthropological scholarship.Another goal of the project was to record and preserve samples of oral stories of collaborating First Nations relating to the artifacts.
From the beginning, we intended to co-create this knowledge with Indigenous communities.We initiated conversations with the communities of Pelican Narrows and Sturgeon Lake First Nations through primary contacts Elder Willie Ermine and Ida Swan.As a result of our initial engagement, Chief Greg Ermine (Sturgeon Lake) and Chief Peter A. Beatty (Pelican Narrows) expressed their support for our project.Subsequently, we developed the research proposal, which was accepted by the Department of Canadian Heritage.

Ethics Review and Research Protocol
According to the agreement between the First Nations University of Canada (FNUniv) and the University of Regina (U of R), our proposal was reviewed by the U of R Research Ethics Board and granted certification on July 17, 2018(ethics REB#:2017-199).
After engaging with community members, community consultants, and a community research coordinator, we scheduled community workshops on October 13, 2018 (Pelican Narrows) and October 22, 2018 (Sturgeon Lake).Consultations were carried out within one-on-one and group meetings.The meetings were initiated by the principal investigator.Workshops were facilitated and organized by the community coordinator and community consultants.Elders, community members, community consultants, the principal investigator, the community coordinator, and the consultant for archaeology and anthropology participated in both workshops (Figures 1  and 2).Some research team members joined the workshops by teleconferencing.The principal investigator informed Elders about the project, asked for their permission and guidance, and invited them to participate.Research team members provided more specific information about the goals of the project and answered the questions of community members.Elders spoke of their own views and some concerns regarding the community-based research in their communities, the process of Indigenous artifact collection, and artifact exhibition at museums.They emphasized the importance of building trust between the community and the research team.After the discussions, Pelican Narrows Elders confirmed their willingness to participate in the project.
Elders and Knowledge Keepers of Sturgeon Lake First Nation requested another meeting to make a final decision regarding their participation in the project.They invited research team members to participate in a Sweat Lodge ceremony at Sturgeon Lake on December 6, 2018.Participation of research team members in the Sweat Lodge ceremony would be considered the beginning of the trust-building process and part of the ethics protocol for working in the Sturgeon Lake community.
The principal investigator and consultant for archaeology and anthropology participated in the Sweat Lodge ceremony.The principal investigator was asked to address their team's request about conducting the project to community members.After the ceremony, Elders expressed the community's willingness to support the project.

Training
Seven students (four Indigenous, three non-Indigenous) participated in the project as research assistants.Depending on their research field, students were previously trained in statistical analysis (Drs.During this stage, students acquired actual experience identifying artifacts, conducting field surveys of large areas of land, and recording archaeological information in the field.During the half-day exercise, students were responsible for surveying a portion of the telegraph site to locate and record any artifacts or features (such as foundation remains or evidence of campfires).Once located and identified, students took detailed field notes on their finds and recorded the location of each artifact using a GPS (Figure 3).
Within the third stage of training, the students visited the communities under the supervision of the principal investigator and archaeological advisor.Areas mentioned by Elders during the interviews were examined.Examination of the lands was conducted considering Elders' recommendations and included methodologies to survey and record any data collected at these locations.Following this trip, students conducted their own surveys of these areas.
Indigenous Protocol training was done at FNUniv (Northern Campus, Prince Albert, SK).During the week, the Indigenous Studies faculty member of FNUniv, Dr. Kingfisher, taught the community research assistants about the basics of the Indigenous Research Protocols.

Oral Stories
The names of five interviewees (Elders and Knowledge Keepers) from both Pelican Narrows and Sturgeon Lake First Nations were suggested by community consultants.The interviews were scheduled and organized by community consultants and the community coordinator, and they were held at the Opawikoscikan School Library of Pelican Narrows (Figure 4) and the Adult Education Centre of Sturgeon Lake (Figure 5).All interviews were recorded with the permission of interviewees by two voice recorders simultaneously.Some interviews were conducted in Cree, while others in English.The oral stories were transcribed by research assistants.

Archaeological Survey and Laboratory Measurements
The areas chosen for the archaeological survey (Pelican Narrows and Sturgeon Lake) were determined by community consultants.In the first days of surveying, the community research assistants were supervised by Dr. Panas, after which surveys continued with the community research assistants and Dr. Sardarli.On occasion, the community consultants participated in the surveys.
We obtained twelve bone and nineteen lithic artifacts from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum (selected by Dr. Evelyn Siegfried), nine artifacts from Pelican Narrows, and two artifacts from Sturgeon Lake (Figure 6).
Previously, we had developed a statistical method for analyzing the chemical compositions of surfaces of Indigenous artifacts (Sardarli et al., 2018).Within this project, the chemical composition measurements were carried out on a scanning electron microscope with the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy module at the Scanning Electron Microscope Laboratory of the University of Alberta.The radiocarbon dating of the bone samples was conducted at the André E. Lalonde AMS Laboratory at the University of Ottawa.The ages of seven samples were determined using methods that are accepted in the field and were explained to community members (Table 1).We sought to discover the composition of different radioactive compounds, such as the fractions of carbon-14 compared with carbon-12, to help achieve a timeline that would show community members which artifacts belonged together in the record.Calibration of the machines involved was performed using OxCal v4.3 (Ramsey, 2009) and the IntCal13 calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2013).Those interested in more details on the process and material codes may explore Crann et al. (2017).
Engaged Scholar Journal: Community-Engaged Research, Teaching, and Learning Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses of bone collagen were conducted in the Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory at the University of Saskatchewan by Dr. Sandra Timsic (Figure 7).

Statistical Analyses
Details of the statistical analyses of physical parameters of Indigenous artifacts have been reported (Sardarli et al., 2022) for the purpose of determining the level of similarities of artifacts with regard to their chemical compositions.We analyzed the amount of fifteen different chemical components: carbon, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, titanium, manganese, and iron.Based on the analyses, we found that there were three clusters containing the most similar artifacts (Figure 8).The artifacts in a shared cluster have similar chemical compositions within the accuracy of measurements.The similarity of chemical compositions of artifacts belonging to the same cluster could be caused by the provenance of these artifacts from the same communities.

Preliminary Results About Our Processes
As a team, we reflected on some of the learnings in our research process.We found that with archaeological projects in Indigenous communities, formal and detailed discussions with Elders, local administrations, and informal leaders enhanced our relationships and ability to conduct sensitive research.It was also important to discover, and then follow, communities' individualized research protocols.We left space at each meeting for community experts to help address community concerns about proposed projects, our progress, and, ultimately, how the research would benefit communities.
We also found that Elders had differing opinions on the roles of museums in preserving artifacts.We learned that most Elders found laboratory analyses of artifacts acceptable if the items do not have any spiritual significance (such as animal bones and tools), whereas some were against any laboratory measurements on Indigenous artifacts.However, all Elders were against any measurement that could potentially damage the artifacts.All Elders and Knowledge Keepers were pleased to share oral stories relating to their families and communities.We did not, however, observe statistically significant evidence of the correlation between oral stories and artifacts.
We determined the ages of seven artifacts by radiocarbon dating.The results correlated well with the Broken Axle site stratigraphy (oldest dates from the lowest layers, youngest dates at the top).The radiocarbon dating analysis also confirmed the results of earlier dating that had been completed on a number of bone artifacts that originated from the same archaeological site (the Broken Axle site) following excavation and site analysis in the 1980s.This earlier work was completed as part of the required analysis and summary reporting of the regulatory process.
The bison femur found in Sturgeon Lake was analyzed at the Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory.Isotopic biogeochemistry of collagen found in the sample can now be used in the construction of paleoecology and paleoenvironments, including climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation.
Within the project, we used classical statistical analysis methods for determining the similarities of artifacts with respect to their chemical compositions.Our analysis shows that we need to increase the number of samples to develop a more complete record of paleoenvironments to better blend oral storytelling findings with laboratory analyses.

Conclusion
The final report on the project (Sardarli, 2020), including the project outline, oral stories, and preliminary results, and the catalogue (Sardarli et al., 2021) have been published in English and French.At the recommendations of Elders, the final report has been translated to Cree.Detailed information about the project has been made available via Indigenous Artifacts (http://indigenous-artifacts.ca), the project website.The project's preliminary results have been reported to community members.Elders, Knowledge Keepers, and team members participated in online discussions on these preliminary results.
This project can be considered a first step in developing a protocol for future engaged scholarship on Indigenous artifacts using contemporary technologies in collaboration with the two communities partnered here.The findings and conclusions have been co-developed based strictly on our knowledge created within this project and may not be suitable for all communities.It would be reasonable to consider developing a research proposal for a longerterm archaeological project within the extended geography surrounding the two communities that agreed to be part of this research project.Perhaps other Indigenous communities and museums may wish to become part of a larger project that explores the realms of oral history and connection to the materials found in archaeological contexts.

Figure 3 .Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Training session in Humboldt, SK, at the site of the Humboldt Telegraph Station.Dr. Panas working with research assistants.(Photo: Arzu Sardarli) Figure 3. Training session in Humboldt, SK, at the site of the Humboldt Telegraph Station.Dr. Panas working with research assistants.(Photo: Arzu Sardarli)

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microscope with the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy