How can Community-Based Participatory Research Address Hate Crimes and Incidents?

Authors

  • Landon Turlock University of Alberta
  • Maria Mayan University of Alberta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15402/esj.v9i1.70794

Keywords:

community-based participatory research, hate crimes, hate incidents, community-based research, Canada

Abstract

Reports of hate crimes in Canada have increased by 72% from 2019 to 2021 (Moreau, 2022). Hate crimes harm those directly victimized and members of targeted communities (Erentzen & Schuller, 2020; Perry & Alvi, 2011). Many Canadian stakeholders advocate for increased community engagement in preventative and responsive interventions to this increasing concern. This article poses that Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is an appropriate approach for further exploring hate crimes and incidents and suggests strategies for this area of study, including: building community partnerships; advocating for trauma-informed practices; prioritizing cultural humility and intersectionality; preparing for lengthy pre-participation communication with potential participants; anticipating out-of-scope volunteer participants; and accounting for unanticipated actions of participants. 

Author Biographies

Landon Turlock, University of Alberta

is a Master of Arts in Community Engagement candidate at the University of Alberta. They have professional experience as a Registered Social Worker in addressing hate crimes, preventing violent extremism, municipal government, non-profit leadership, community development, crime prevention, restorative justice, youth work, public education, and public engagement. 

Maria Mayan, University of Alberta

is a professor in the School of Public Health at the University of Alberta and an Associate Director of the Community-University Partnership. She is an engaged scholar who grounds her work in the policy environment and situates her work at the intersection of government, not-for-profit, and disadvantaged communities. 

References

Ahmad, S. (2019). Islamophobic violence as a form of gender-based violence: a qualitative study with Muslim women in Canada. Journal of Gender-Based Violence, 3(1), 45-66. https://doi.org/10.1332/239868019X15492770695379

Alberta Hate Crime Committee. (2009). Alberta hate/bias crime report. Alberta Hate Crime Committee. https://cfrac.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Alberta-Hate-Bias-Crime-Report-2.pdf

Angeles, L. & Roberton, J. (2020). Empathy and inclusive public safety in the city: Examining LGBTQ2+ voices and experiences of intersectional discrimination. Women’s Studies International Forum, 78, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102313

Archway Community Services. (2019, August). Abbotsford community protocol: A response to critical incidents of discrimination and hate crime. Archway Community Services. https://archway.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Community-Protocol-2019-updated.pdf

Bell, J., & Perry, B. (2015). Outside looking in: The community impacts of anti-lesbian, gay, and bisexual hate crime. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(1), 98-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.957133

Burch, L. (2022). ‘We shouldn’t be told to shut up, we should be told we can speak out’: Reflections on using arts-based methods to research disability hate crime. Qualitative Social Work, 21(2), 393-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/14733250211002888

Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. (2018, December). Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans.

Government of Canada. https://ethics.gc.ca/eng/policy-politique_tcps2-eptc2_2018.html

Camp, S. (2021). Incorporating a standalone hate crime section into the Criminal Code of Canada.

Alberta Hate Crimes Committee. https://sites.google.com/albertahatecrimes.org/ahcc/projects?authuser=0

Cargo, M., & Mercer, S. L. (2008). The value and challenges of participatory research: strengthening its practice. Annual review of public health, 29, 325–350. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.09

Chaudhry, I. (2021). Making hate visible: Online hate incident reporting tools. Journal of Hate Studies, 17(1), 64–73. http://doi.org/10.33972/jhs.188

Chakraborti, N. (2015). Framing the boundaries of hate crime. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi, & J. Grieve (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook on hate crime (pp. 13-23). Routledge.

Checkoway, B. (2015). Research as community-building: Perspectives on the scholarship of engagement. Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement, 8(1), 139-149. https://doi.org/10.5130/ijcre.v8i1.4240

Coalitions Creating Equity. (2020, June). CCE response model to hate incidents in Alberta.

Coalitions Creating Equity. http://coalitionscreatingequity.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Hate-Incident-BookJuly2020_LO.pdf

Criminal Code, RSC, C-46 (1985). http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-46/index.html

Cullen, P., Dawson, M., Price, J., & Rowlands, J. (2021). Intersectionality and invisible victims: Reflections on data challenges and vicarious trauma in femicide, family and intimate partner homicide research. Journal of Family Violence, 36, 619-628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00243-4

D’Alonzo, K. (2010). Getting started in CBPR: Lessons in building community partnerships for new researchers. Nursing Inquiry, 17(4), 282-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2010.00510.x

Erentzen, C., & Schuller, R. (2020). Exploring the dark figure of hate: Experiences with police bias and the under-reporting of hate crime. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 62(2), 64-97. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2019-0035

Facing Facts. (2012). Facing facts! Hate crime monitoring guidelines. Facing Facts. https://www.facingfacts.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/02/Guidelines-for-monitoring-of-hatecrimes-and-hate-motivated-incidents-PROTECTED.pdf

Gauthier, J., Medina, K., & Dierkhising, C. (2021). Analysis of hate crimes in transgender communities. Journal of Hate Studies, 17(2), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.33972/jhs.158

Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: Interviews and focus groups. British Dental Journal, 204(6), 291-295.

https://doi.org/10.1038/bdj.2008.192 Hacker, K. (2013). Community based participatory research. Sage Publications.

Healy, S.J. (2020). ‘It spreads like a creeping disease’: Experiences of victims of disability hate crimes in austerity Britain. Disability & Society, 35(2), 176-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1624151

Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L., & Utsey, S. O. (2013). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 60(3), 353-366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032595

Iganski, P., & Lagou, S. (2015). The personal injuries of ‘hate crime’. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi, & J. Grieve (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook on hate crime (pp. 34-46). Routledge.

Isobel, S. (2021). Trauma-informed qualitative research: Some methodological and practical considerations. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(1), 1456-1469. https://doi.org//10.1111/inm.12914

Janzen, R., & Ochocka, J. (2020). Assessing excellence in community-based research: Lessons from research with Syrian refugee newcomers. Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement, 13(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5130/ijcre.v13i1.7037

Kochar, H., McCoy, J., & Jones, D. (2019, August). Responding to hate. Organization for the Prevention of Violence. https://preventviolence.ca/publication/responding-to-hate/

Lead Fund. (2019, February). Toolkit on campus hate and bias strategies to create more inclusive campuses. American Association for Access Equity and Diversity. https://www.aaaed.org/images/aaaed/LEAD_Fund/LEAD-FUND-Toolkit.pdf

Levenson, J. (2018). Trauma-informed social work practice. Social Work, 62(2), 105–113, https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swx001

Mayan, M. J. (2009). Essentials of qualitative inquiry. Left Coast Press.

Mason-Bish, H. (2015). Beyond the silo: Rethinking hate crime and intersectionality. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi, & J. Grieve (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook on hate crime (pp. 24-33). Routledge.

McCaslin, W. D. (2014). Hate-motivated offences and Aboriginal Peoples: Sentencing provisions of Section 718.2(a)(i) of the Criminal Code of Canada [Master’s thesis, University of Saskatchewan]. HARVEST. https://harvest.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/ETD-2014-06-1647/MCCASLIN-THESIS.pdf?sequence=4

Mercier-Dalphond, G., & Helly, D. (2021). Anti-Muslim violence, hate crime, and victimization in Canada: A study of five Canadian cities. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 53(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2021.0000

Moreau, G. (2022). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2021. Juristat. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-002-X. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2022001/article/00013-eng.htm

Morse, J. M., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. (2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406902001002

Newman, E., Risch, E., & Kassam-Adams, N. (2006). Ethical issues in trauma-related research: A review. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 1(3), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2006.1.3.29

Perry, B. (2001). In the name of hate: Understanding hate crimes. Routledge.

Perry, B., & Alvi, S. (2011). ‘We are all vulnerable’: The in terrorem effects of hate crimes. International Review of Victimology, 18(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758011422475

Perry, B. (2015). Exploring the community impacts of hate crime. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi, & J. Grieve (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook on hate crime (pp. 47-58). Routledge.

Yoshihama, M., & Carr, E. (2002). Community participation reconsidered. Journal of Community Practice, 10(4), 85-103. https://doi.org/10.1300/J125v10n04_06

Published

2023-09-02

How to Cite

Turlock, L., & Mayan, M. (2023). How can Community-Based Participatory Research Address Hate Crimes and Incidents?. Engaged Scholar Journal: Community-Engaged Research, Teaching, and Learning, 9(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.15402/esj.v9i1.70794

Similar Articles

> >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.